LIGHT MAKING
Thomas Edison and his team of researchers in 1879 filed first for a patent of an electric lamp. Several other prominent scientists worked before and after this patent to bring improvement on Eddison designed light bulb. Use of Tungsten (W), a chemical element with the highest melting point ever has not been introduced for filament for the electric bulb till 1910. William David Coolidge, of General Electric of USA first improved methods of manufacturing Tungsten filament for incandescent bulb-the task was hard because there were no appropriate machineries available to use at that time. All incandescent light bulb today contains superfine Tungsten filament as the light source.
As we turn switch, we put electrical energy inside the incandescent light bulb and it returns us the energy as light. So, electric current pass through light bulb’s tungsten filament heating up and glowing the piece. Electrons then move through the material knock more neighboring electrons in the filament’s atomic orbit, giving them energy. Knocked out electrons return to their former energy levels emitting photons as light in the course. The process activate current and voltage enough and the filament in the incandescent light bulb hits temperatures of about 5,400 °F (3,000 °C). For safety, security and longevity issues filaments inside the incandescent bulb is mounted on a sealed air tight tube filled with inert gas (nitrogen or argon): this prohibits the high temperatures tungsten reaction with oxygen−otherwise tungsten simply would oxidized quickly in air.
LED -WHAT’S NEW HERE?
LED stands for light emitting diode. LED light can be tuned and individualized with desired color, power and place. Consists of solid state semiconducting material that releases light when voltage is applied. So, LEDs are tiny light source consists of semiconducting chips, materials of which are doped with impurities creating a boundary for charge carriers. When current flows into the semi-conductor, electron jumps from one side of this boundary to the other, releasing energy dissipated as light in the process. All LED device generates DC current. Inverter is needed for DC→AC conversion.
Both fluorescent lights and LEDs are better power-efficient light sources than incandescent tungsten bulbs. LED lights do have long life span though the lights are little pricy-a tradeoff for long lasting hours such as thirteen to fourteen years of life. That’s a pretty long time in comparison to 3-6 months life span with tungsten bulbs.
An LED light whose brightness is comparable to a 60Watt incandescent bulb, in practice will consume only 9.5 Watts of power. For power measurement Watts-Up-Pro and for measuring LED brightness Vernier Light Sensor can be use. For brightness record, the bulb needs to distribute light uniformly. By using a rotation sensor and rotating the bulb while collecting intensity data is the condition for brightness measurement. Sensor and bulb needs to remain at constant distance apart during data collection time. All incandescent streetlights are now replaced with LED lights in many cities and countries. Many people in many places are working to sweep the changes and keep record for granted. One study completed by Rhett Allan attracted my attention for LED causes. I summarized here the experimental findings of various light bulbs. Rhett’s full article is available here:
The wavelength of light, and therefore the color, depends on the type of semiconductor material used to make the diode. That’s because the energy band structure of semiconductors differs between materials, so photons emitted with differing frequencies. Here’s a table of common LED semiconductors by wavelength (nm) of light:
LEDs can also be optimized to emit specific wavelengths (colors) of light. Visible Red, Green, Blue to Infrared LEDs are dominant colors identified on photoelectric sensors. Also, white LEDs are expanding their bases. For a desirable LED characteristics photo diode construction will change LED output color. Infrared LEDs are used in sensors where maximum light output is required for an extended sensing range.
WHITE LED STREETLIGHT– Doctor’s warning: Health and Environmental effect:
On 6/21/16, yahoo news published a posting by author Rogge. Based on this article white LED light is effective melatonin suppressor. Efficient LED is replacing existing streetlights in cities, towns and allays. The American Medical Association (AMA) studied light and health issues and concluded that streetlights should have a Color temperature (CT) not more than 3000 Kelvin. Color temperature (CT) is a term that measures spectral content of light from a source. A high CT rating means greater blue content in the light and the light appears whiter. White LED at CT 4000K – 5000K contains enough short-wavelength blue lights. This has been the choice for several cities fitted recently with efficient street lighting. AMA put suggestion for using milder LED for street and other lighting- in fact a bright electric lighting can also adversely affect wild life also. Efficient lighting is now causing health and safety problem.
NEW WONDER and CONCLUSION:
Graphene, a form of carbon has been used for making light. Researchers developed light-emitting graphene transistor that demonstrated tungsten filament’s work mechanism. James Hone is the study co-author reported the new graphene device and the resulting technology.
MIT researchers reported about making incandescent tungsten bulb more efficient by redesigning the glass cover. As a result, emitted light gets through, but heat bounced back to the filament to be reused increasing the chances of energy efficiency of the bulb, from 5% to way up to 40%.
3. Converting electrical energy to light energy process byproduct generated is heat. The relationship between heat and light is: more heat yields, less light for the system. Meaning, the most efficient bulbs produce the least amount of heat while lighting. Now, incandescent, fluorescent and LED all lights produces heat to some extent. Infrared LEDs are the most efficient, generating the most light and the least heat of LED color. For incandescent, a 200W bulb will produce more heat than a 60W bulb. And because of unwanted heat fluorescent light bulbs life span down. There is no easy way out to reduce this waste at this point.
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